شناسایی و اولویت بندی شاخص های فضایی- کالبدی مؤثر بر امنیت در فضاهای شهری (مطالعه موردی: کوی گلستان سبزوار)

نوع مقاله : مقاله مستخرج از پایان نامه

نویسندگان

1 گروه معماری، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه حکیم سبزواری، سبزوار، ایران

2 گروه معماری، دانشگده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه حکیم سبزواری، سبزوار، ایران

3 دانش آموخته دکتری شهرسازی، گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنر اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران (مدرس گروه شهرسازی دانشگاه

چکیده
امنیت به‌عنوان یکی از نیازهای اساسی انسانی تأثیر بسزایی بر کیفیت زندگی اجتماعی فضاهای شهری، فلذا کیفیت زندگی شهروندان دارد. محله گلستان و اهالی غربتی ساکن آن به‌عنوان یکی از محلات اقلیت‌نشین و در عین حال تاریخی شهر سبزوار چند سالی است که به‌دنبال راهی برای خروج از بن‌بست جدایی‌گزینی خود هستند که بر طبق مطالعات احساس امنیت یکی از ملزومات این مهم است و این درحالیست که محله مذکور با قرارگیری در بافت فرسوده تاریخی شهر و به‌واسطه فرسودگی‌های کالبدی و کارکردی با چالش‌های عدیده‌ای در ابعاد فضایی- کالبدی امنیت مواجه است. هدف پژوهش شناسایی مهمترین شاخص‌ها و معیارهای فضایی-کالبدی مؤثر بر احساس امنیت، از طریق مطالعۀ میدانی و اولویت‌بندی شاخص‌ها و معیارهای (محورها) فضایی- کالبدی محله مذکور مؤثر بر امنیت در راستای ایجاد زمینۀ مناسب جهت هرگونه برنامه‌ریزی و اقدام مؤثر در این خصوص می‌باشد. پس از مرور ابعاد و شاخص‌های فضایی- کالبدی فضاهای شهری مؤثر بر احساس امنیت در ادبیات پژوهش مبتنی بر نظریه پیشگیری از جرم از طریق طراحی محیطی، مطالعه میدانی مبتنی بر روش تحلیل سلسله‌مراتبی به کمک ابزار پرسشنامه در بین 30 نفر از خبرگان آشنا با محدوده انجام شده است. نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که ویژگی‌های فضایی-کالبدی کوی مؤثر بر احساس امنیت آن در قالب 19 شاخص و 6 معیار (محور) اصلی قابل شناسایی است که به‌ترتیب شاخص‌های هندسه معابر، درجه (عرض) معابر، و نظام بلوک‌بندی به‌عنوان سه شاخص مهم نخست، و معیارهای نفوذ‌پذیری کالبدی، حضورپذیری و نفوذپذیر بصری به‌ترتیب سه معیار مهم و نخست فضایی-کالبدی محله مؤثر بر وضعیت امنیت آن می‌باشند.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله English

Detecting and Prioritizing Spatial_Physical Indicators Contributing to Security in Urban Places: Case Study of Kooy_e Golestan, The City of Sabzevar

نویسندگان English

Meysam Karimi 1
Bahram Siavashpor 2
Ali Asghar Abroon 3
1 Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
2 Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
3 Ph. d. in Urbanism, Department of Urbanism, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Art University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
چکیده English

Safety as a basic human need has a considerable effect on citizens' life quality and urban spaces livability. Golestan neighborhood, as a minority group settlement located in central historical and old part of Sabzevar, have for several years been seeking ways to overcome their segregation. While according to studies securing a sense of safety is a main part of this endeavor, based on CPTED approach, due to its physical and functional deterioration, the mentioned neighborhood faces numerous challenges in terms of spatial-physical dimensions of unsafety. Therefore, through an analytical hierarchical process (AHP), this study aims to identify and prioritize the most important physical-spatial criteria and indices of the neighborhood causing its unsafety and undefendability,. This can provide a proper basis for any effective policy-making and decision-taking in the future planning for the area. Hence, after an in-depth literature review on CPTED theory, and deriving physical-spatial criteria and indices of urban spaces affecting their safety, a field study with 30 experts familiar with Golestan has been conducted. In the field study, the criteria and indices of the research AHP model have been weighed by expert panel via pairwise comparison matrix. The results of the present study showed that 6 main criteria and 19 sub-criteria were recognized affecting the safety of Golestan neighborhood. Furthermore, among the given criteria, physical permeability, liveliness, and legibility of Golestan neighborhood are the three most important environmental design features which negatively affect its safety. Also, Street geometry, paths width, and urban block system are the most important indices among the tested indices.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Safety
Physical-Spatial Dimensions of Safety
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design
Prioritizing of Safety Indices
Golestan Neighborhood
1.       Abroon, A.A. (2024). Recognizing the role of sense of place in social spatial segregation (Case study: Golestan Alley, Sabzevar). PhD thesis, Isfahan University of Art, Isfahan. [in Persian]
2.       Acioly, C. (2002). The rationale of informal settlements regularization projects: from settlement upgrading to integration approaches. Lecture notes. Institute for Housing and Urban Development Studies – IHS.
3.       Armitage, R. (2010). The impact of connectivity and through-movement within residential developments on levels of crime and anti-social behaviour. University of Huddersfield.
4.       Austin, D., Furr, L., & Spine, M. (2002). The effects of neighborhood conditions on perceptions of safety. Journal of Criminal Justice, 30(5), 417-427. 10.1016/S0047-2352(02)00148-4
5.       Blobaum, A., & Hunecke, M. (2005). Perceived danger in urban public space-The Impacts of Physical Features and Personal Factors. Journal of Environment and Behavior, 37(12), 465-486. 10.1177/0013916504269643
6.       Brown, B. B., Perkins, D. D., & Brown, G. (2004). Incivilities, place attachment and crime: block and individual effects. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24(3), 359-371. 10.1016/j.jenvp.2004.01.001
7.       Cozens, P., Hillier, D., & Prescott, G. (2001). Crime and the design of residential property-exploring the theoretical background - part 1. Journal of Property Management, 19(2), 136-164. 10.1108/EUM0000000005784
8.       Cozens, P., Hillier, D., & Prescott, G. (2002). Defensible Space, Community Safety, the British City and the ‘Active Citizen’: Penetrating the Criminal Mind. Journal of Crime Prevention and Community Safety, 4(4), 7-21. 10.1057/palgrave.cpcs.8140166
9.       Cozens, P. M., Saville, G., & Hillier, D. (2005). Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED): a review and modern bibliography. Journal of Property Management, 23(5), 328-356. 10.1108/02637470510631483
10.    Cozens, P., & Love, T. (2015). A Review and Current Status of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED). Journal of Journal of Planning Literature, 30(4), 393-412. 10.1177/0885412215595440
11.    Cozens, P., & Tarca, M. (2016). Exploring housing maintenance and vacancy in Western Australia. Journal of Property Management, 34(3), 199-220. 10.1108/PM-06-2015-0027
12.    De Biasi, A. (2017). Transforming vacant lots: Investigating an alternative approach to reducing fear of crime. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 50(14), 125-137. 10.1016/j.jenvp.2017.02.007
13.    Deryol, R., Wilcox, P., Logan, M., & Wooldredge, J. (2016). Crime Places in Context: An Illustration of the Multilevel Nature of Hot Spot Development. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 32(2), 305-325. 10.1007/s10940-015-9278-1
14.    Ekblom, P. (2011). Deconstructing CPTED and Reconstructing It for Practice, Knowledge Management and Research. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 17(1), 7-28. 10.1007/s10610-010-9132-9
15.    Fayaz, E., Naderi, A., & Gharbi, M. (2019). Identity Dynamics and Identity construction Consumption, a study in Golestan quarter of Sabzevar. Journal of Sociological Review, 26(1), 221-247. 10.22059/jsr.2019.72859 [in Persian]
16.    Haft Shahr Aria Consulting Engineers. (2012). Plan for the improvement and renovation of the dilapidated Golestan Alley (Second Edition). Sabzevar Municipality, Urban Improvement and Renovation Organization. [in Persian]
17.    Hedayati Marzbali, M., Abdullah, A., Razak, N. A., & Maghsoodi Tilaki, M. J. (2012). The influence of crime prevention through environmental design on victimization and fear of crime. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 32(2), 79-88. 10.1016/j.jenvp.2011.12.005
18.    Hirschfield, A., Newton, A., & Rogerson, M. (2010). Linking Burglary and Target Hardening at the Property Level: New Insights into Victimization and Burglary Protection. Journal of Criminal Justice Policy Review, 21(3), 319-337. 10.1177/0887403409356965
19.    Kytta, M., Kuoppa, J., Hirvonen, J., Ahmadi, E., & Tzoulas, T. (2013). Perceived safety of the retrofit neighborhood: A location-based approach. Journal of Urban Design International, 19(4), 311–328. 10.1057/udi.2013.31
20.    Li, J., Liu, Q., & Sang, Y. (2012). Several Issues about Urbanization and Urban Safety. Journal of Procedia Engineering, 43 (19), 615-621. 10.1016/j.proeng.2012.08.108
21.    Millie, A., & Hough, M. (2004). Assessing the impact of the Reducing Burglary Initiative in southern England and Wales. Home Office, Retrieved 10 August 2024.
22.    Omar, D., Ibrahim, F. I., & Nik Mohamad, N. H. (2017). Open Spaces and Human Interaction. Asian Journal of Behavioural Studies, 2(6), 47-62. 10.21834/ajbes.v2i6.36
23.    Outlaw, M., Ruback, B., & Britt, C. (2002). Repeat and multiple victimizations: the role of individual and contextual factors. Journal of Violence Vict, 17(2),187–204. 10.1891/vivi.17.2.187.33648
24.    Owusu, G., Wrigley-Asante, C., Oteng-Ababio, M., & Yaa Owusu, A. (2015). Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) and built-environmental manifestations in Accra and Kumasi, Ghana. Journal of Crime Prevention and Community Safety, 17(4), 249-269. 10.1057/cpcs.2015.8
25.    Park, H. (2010). Designing out Crime in South Korea: Qualitative Analysis of Contemporary CPTED-Related Issues. Asia Pacific Journal of Police & Criminal Justice, 8(2), 21-48.
26.    Parnaby, P. (2007). Crime prevention through environmental design: financial hardship, the dynamics of power, and the prospects of governance. Journal of Crime, Law and Social Change, 48(3-5), 73-85. 10.1007/s10611-007-9077-1
27.    Ratnayake, R. (2016). Fear of crime in urban settings: influence of environmental features, presence of people and social variables. Journal of Bhumi, The Planning Research, 3(2), 30-43. 10.4038/bhumi.v3i2.17
28.    Reynald, D. M., & Elffers, H. (2009). The Future of Newman's Defensible Space Theory. European Journal of Criminology, 6(1), 25-46. 10.1177/1477370808098103
29.    Rountree, P.W., Land, K.C., & Miethe, T.D. (1994). Macro-micro integration in the study of victimization: a hierarchical logistic model analysis across Seattle neighborhoods. Journal of Criminology, 32(3),387–414. 10.1111/j.1745-9125.1994.tb01159.x
30.    Sakip, S. R., Johari, N., & Salleh, M. N. (2012). The Relationship between Crime Prevention through Environmental Design and Fear of Crime. Journal of Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 68(20), 628-636. 10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.12.254
31.    Shukla, B. (2015). Validating the Theories of Urban Crime in the city of Raipur. Journal of Engineering, 5(8), 15-24.
32.    Spelman, W. (1993). Abandoned buildings: Magnets for crime? Journal of Criminal Justice, 21(5), 481-495. 10.1016/0047-2352(93)90033-J
33.    Taylor, R. B. (1988). Human territorial functioning: An empirical, evolutionary perspective on individual and small group territorial cognitions, behaviors, and consequences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
34.    Taylor, R. B., and Hale, M. (1986). Testing Alternative Models of Fear of Crime. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 77(1), 151-189. 10.2307/1143593
35.    Vivan, E., Yakubu, A., Danjuma, A., Kwesaba, A., & Ahmed, S. (2015). An Analysis of Inner-City Decay: A Study of Some Selected Slums in Jos Metropolis, Plateau State, Nigeria. Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 4 (2), 174-179.
36.    Wilcox, P., Madensen, T. D., & Tillyer, M. S. (2007). Guardianship in context: implications for burglary victimization risk and prevention. Journal of Criminology, 45(4), 771–803. 10.1111/j.1745-9125.2007.00094.x